# ANOVA

Conceptually similar to the t-test, ANOVA (analysis of variance) tests whether the means of three or more groups are equal.

The test statistic is the f-ratio, which is essentially:

$$F=\frac {variance \;between \;groups}{variance \;within \;groups}$$

If the between-groups variation is large compared to the within-groups variation (f-ratio >> 1), it is more likely that the groups have different characteristics.

The test is called the f-test, and the p-value is obtained by referencing the f-ratio in the f-distribution.

Note: A p-value from f-ratio calculator is provided on this webpage. The data analysis add-in in excel provides an easy-to-use facility to conduct the f-test.

H0: μ1 = μ2 = μ3 = μ4 = … = μk

HA: Not all population means are equal

α = 5% (usually)

k: number of groups

Group Means: x̄1,x̄2, x̄3, x̄4 … x̄k

Group Variances: s12, s22, s32, s42 … sk2

Group Sample Sizes: n1, n2, n3, n4 … nk

Total All Samples: nT = n1+n2+n3+n4 … +nk

$$Average \;All \;Samples: \bar{\bar{x}} = \frac {\sum \bar x × n}{\sum n}$$ $$F=\frac {variance \;between \;groups}{variance \;within \;groups}=\frac {MS_{between}}{MS_{within}}=\frac{SS_{between}/(k-1)}{SS_{within}/(n_T-k)}$$

Where MS is the mean square, SS is sum of squares, and k ˗ 1 and nT ˗ k are the degrees of freedom.

$$SS_{between}=\sum_{j=1}^k n_j (\bar x_j - \bar{\bar{x}})^2$$ $$SS_{within}=\sum_{j=1}^k \sum_{i=1}^{n_j} (x_{ji} - \bar x_j)^2 = \sum_{j=1}^k(n_j-1)s_j^2$$
 Low Mid Low Upper High Upper 8 10 13 17 10 12 15 19 12 14 17 21 mean = 10 mean = 12 mean = 15 mean = 19

#### Exhibit 33.22 Household consumption of wine in litres/year, for 12 respondents, 3 in each income group — low, mid, low upper and high upper.

Example: Household consumption of wine in litres/year, across various income groups is provided in Exhibit 33.22. $$SS_{between}=\sum_{j=1}^k n_j (\bar x_j - \bar{\bar{x}})^2$$ $$\qquad=3×(10-14)^2+ 3×(10-14)^2+3×(10-14)^2$$ $$\qquad=138$$ $$SS_{within}=\sum_{j=1}^k (n_j-1)s_j^2,\quad s_j^2=\frac{1}{n_j-1} \sum_{i=1}^{n_j}(x_{ji}-\bar x_j)^2$$ $$SS_{within}= \sum_{j=1}^k \sum_{i=1}^{n_j} (x_{ji} - \bar x_j)^2$$ $$SS_{within}=(8-10)^2+(10-10)^2+(12-10)^2$$ $$\qquad+(10-12)^2+(12-12)^2+(14-12)^2$$ $$\qquad+(13-15)^2+(15-15)^2+(17-15)^2$$ $$\qquad+(17-19)^2+(19-19)^2+(21-19)^2$$ $$\qquad= 32$$ $$F= \frac {138/(4-1)}{32/(12-4)}=11.5$$

p-value = 0.003 < α=5%. Reject the null hypothesis.

The data suggests that the consumption of wine varies significantly across different household income levels.

Regression analysis with dummy variables may be used instead of ANOVA to determine the size and the direction of the differences in the mean values.

For instance, for the previous example:

$$Consumption = α + β × Income \, Class,$$ $$\text{Where α is the intercept and coefficient, β, quantifies the effect size.}$$
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